Are the Effects of Use and Disuse Inherited? An Examination of the View Held by Spencer and Darwin

Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephen Blundell and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
book was produced from scanned images of public domain
material from the Google Print project.)









 _NATURE SERIES_


               ARE THE EFFECTS OF USE AND
                    DISUSE INHERITED?

           _AN EXAMINATION OF THE VIEW HELD BY
                   SPENCER AND DARWIN_


                           BY
                   WILLIAM PLATT BALL


                         LONDON
                    MACMILLAN AND CO.
                      AND NEW YORK
                          1890

 _The Right of Translation and Reproduction is Reserved_




 RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,
       LONDON AND BUNGAY.




PREFACE.


My warmest thanks are due to Mr. Francis Darwin, to Mr. E. B. Poulton
(whose interest in the subject here discussed is shown by his share in
the translation of Weismann's _Essays on Heredity_), and to Professor
Romanes, for the help afforded by their kindly suggestions and
criticisms, and for the advice and recommendation under which this essay
is now published. Encouragement from Mr. Francis Darwin is to me the
more precious, and the more worthy of grateful recognition, from the
fact that my general conclusion that acquired characters are _not_
inherited is at variance with the opinion of his revered father, who
aided his great theory by the retention of some remains of Lamarck's
doctrine of the inherited effect of habit. I feel as if the son, as
representative of his great progenitor, were carrying out the idea of an
appreciative editor who writes to me: "We must say that if Darwin were
still alive, he would find your arguments of great weight, and
undoubtedly would give to them the serious consideration which they
deserve." I hope, then, that I may be acquitted of undue presumption in
opposing a view sanctioned by the author of the _Origin of Species_, but
already stoutly questioned and firmly rejected by such followers of his
as Weismann, Wallace, Poulton, Ray Lankester, and others, to say nothing
of its practical rejection by so great an authority on heredity as
Francis Galton.

The sociological importance of the subject has already been insisted on
in emphatic terms by Mr. Herbert Spencer, and this importance may be
even greater than he imagined.

Civilization largely sets aside the harsh but ultimately salutary action
of the great law of Natural Selection without providing an efficient
substitute for preventing degeneracy. The substitute on which moralists
and legislators rely--if they think on the matter at all--is the
cumulative inheritance of the beneficial effects of education, training,
habits, institutions, and so forth--the inheritance, in short, of
acquired characters, or of the effects of use and disuse. If this
substitute is but a broken reed, then the deeper thinkers who gradually
teach the teachers of the people, and ultimately even influence the
legislators and moralists, must found their systems of morality and
their criticisms of social and political laws and institutions and
customs and ideas on the basis of the Darwinian law rather than on that
of Lamarck.

Looking forward to the hope that the human race may become consciously
and increasingly master of itself and of its destiny, and recognizing
the Darwinian principle of the selection of the fittest as the _only_
means of preventing the moral and physical degeneracy which, like an
internal dry rot, has hitherto been the besetting danger of all
civilizations, I desire that the thinkers who mould the opinions of
mankind shall not be led astray from the true path of enduring progress
and happiness by reliance on fallacious beliefs which will not bear
examination. Such, at least, is the feeling or motive which has prompted
me to devote much time and thought to a difficult but important inquiry
in a debatable region of inference and conjecture, where (I am afraid)
evidence on either side can never be absolutely conclusive, and where,
especially, the absolute demonstration of a universal negative cannot
reasonably be expected.




CONTENTS.


                                                                PAGE
 PREFACE                                                           v

 IMPORTANCE AND BEARING OF THE INQUIRY                             1

 SPENCER'S EXAMPLES AND ARGUMENTS                               6-44
   DIMINUTION OF THE JAWS                                          6
   DIMINISHED BITING MUSCLES OF LAP-DOGS                          12
   CROWDED TEETH                                                  14
   BLIND CAVE-CRABS                                               17
   NO CONCOMITANT VARIATION FROM CONCOMITANT DISUSE               17
   THE GIRAFFE, AND NECESSITY FOR CONCOMITANT VARIATION           18
   ALLEGED RUINOUS EFFECTS OF NATURAL SELECTION