Criminality and economic conditions

THE MODERN CRIMINAL SCIENCE SERIES

                    Published under the Auspices of
         THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY


                              CRIMINALITY
                                  AND
                          ECONOMIC CONDITIONS


                                   BY

                         WILLIAM ADRIAN BONGER
                       of Amsterdam, Netherlands

                             TRANSLATED BY
                            HENRY P. HORTON
                          of Ithaca, New York

                      WITH AN EDITORIAL PREFACE BY
                             EDWARD LINDSEY
                        of the Warren, Pa., Bar

                      AND WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
                           FRANK H. NORCROSS
                 Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada
        Vice-President of The American Institute of Criminal Law
                            and Criminology


                                 LONDON
                           WILLIAM HEINEMANN








CONTENTS

                                                                   PAGE
General Introduction to the Modern Criminal Science Series           xi
Editorial Preface by Edward Lindsey                                  xv
Introduction by Frank H. Norcross                                   xix
Translator’s Note                                                 xxiii
Preface to the American Edition                                   xxvii
Preface to the Original Edition                                    xxix
Introduction                                                       xxxi


PART ONE

CRITICAL EXPOSITION OF THE LITERATURE DEALING WITH THE RELATION
BETWEEN CRIMINALITY AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS


CHAPTER I

THE PRECURSORS

AUTHORS WHO TREATED THE SUBJECT BEFORE THE BIRTH OF MODERN
CRIMINAL SCIENCE

I.        Thomas More                                                 1
II.       Jean Meslier                                                7
III.      J. J. Rousseau                                              8
IV.       Morelly                                                     9
V.        C. Beccaria                                                10
VI.       S. N. H. Linguet                                           10
VII.      P. H. D. d’Holbach                                         13
VIII.     G. B. de Mably                                             14
IX.       J. P. Brissot de Warville                                  15
X.        W. Godwin                                                  18
XI.       R. Owen                                                    21
XII.      E. Cabet                                                   25
XIII.     F. Engels                                                  27


CHAPTER II

THE STATISTICIANS

I.        A. M. Guerry                                               30
II.       Ad. Quetelet                                               31
III.      Edw. Ducpetiaux                                            33
IV.       L. M. Moreau-Christophe                                    37
V.        G. Mayr                                                    38
VI.       A. Corne                                                   47
VII.      H. Von Valentini                                           50
VIII.     A. Von Oettingen                                           53
IX.       H. Stursberg                                               55
X.        L. Fuld                                                    57
XI.       B. Weisz                                                   60
XII.      W. Starke                                                  62
XIII.     Rettich                                                    66
XIV.      A. Meyer                                                   68
XV.       M. Tugan-Baranowsky                                        71
XVI.      E. Tarnowsky                                               73
XVII.     H. Müller                                                  74
XVIII.    Criticism                                                  84


CHAPTER III

THE ITALIAN SCHOOL

I.        C. Lombroso                                                88
II.       R. Garofalo                                                96
III.      E. Ferri                                                   99
IV.       H. Kurella                                                136
V.        E. Fornasari di Verce                                     138
VI.       A. Niceforo                                               145


CHAPTER IV

THE FRENCH SCHOOL (THE SCHOOL OF THE ENVIRONMENT)

I.        A. Lacassagne                                             148
II.       G. Tarde                                                  149
III.      A. Corre                                                  161
IV.