Races and Immigrants in America

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RACES AND IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA




[Illustration: ELLIS ISLAND, IMMIGRATION STATION]




  RACES AND IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA


  BY JOHN R. COMMONS

  PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN


  New York
  THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
  LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
  1907

  _All rights reserved_



  COPYRIGHT, 1907,
  BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

  Set up and electrotyped. Published May, 1907.


  Norwood Press
  J. S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith Co.
  Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.




CONTENTS


                                        PAGE

  REFERENCES                             vii

  CHAPTER

     I. RACE AND DEMOCRACY                 1

    II. COLONIAL RACE ELEMENTS            22

   III. THE NEGRO                         39

    IV. NINETEENTH CENTURY ADDITIONS      63

     V. INDUSTRY                         107

    VI. LABOR                            135

   VII. CITY LIFE, CRIME, AND POVERTY    160

  VIII. POLITICS                         179

    IX. AMALGAMATION AND ASSIMILATION    198

  INDEX                                  239




ILLUSTRATIONS


  ELLIS ISLAND, IMMIGRANT STATION                         _Frontispiece_

                                                                    PAGE

  "RETURN OF THE MAYFLOWER." Painting By Boughton, 1834    _opposite_ 24

  ANGLO-SAXON MOUNTAINEERS, BEREA COLLEGE, KENTUCKY        _opposite_ 36

  COUNTIES HAVING A LARGER PROPORTION OF NEGROES IN 1900
  THAN IN 1880                                             _opposite_ 50

  MOVEMENT OF IMMIGRANTS, IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE PER
  CAPITA AND IMMIGRANTS PER 10,000 POPULATION            _between_ 63-64

  ALIENS AWAITING ADMISSION AT ELLIS ISLAND                _opposite_ 78

  NORWEGIAN, ITALIAN, AND ARABIC TYPES                         "      90

  SLAV, JEWISH, POLACK, AND LITHUANIAN TYPES                   "      96

  INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS OF IMMIGRANTS--1906             _between_ 108-109

  AMERICAN SCHOOL BOYS                                    _opposite_ 122

  FILIPINO GOVERNORS                                           "     142

  GOVERNOR JOHNSON OF MINNESOTA.--SWEDE                        "     154

  DR. ORONHYATEKHA, MOHAWK INDIAN. LATE CHIEF OF
  ORDER OF FORESTERS                                           "     168

  CHINESE STUDENTS, HONOLULU                                   "     186

  FACULTY OF TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE                                "     202

  SLAVIC HOME MISSIONARIES                                     "     216

  ALIENS AWAITING ADMISSION AT ELLIS ISLAND                    "     230




REFERENCES CITED IN FOOTNOTES


"AMERICA'S RACE PROBLEMS." A series of discussions on indigenous race
elements and the negro. _American Academy of Political and Social
Science_, Vol. XVIII, No. 1 (1901).

ATLANTA UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS:--

    No. 1. "Mortality among Negroes in Cities" (1896).
    No. 2. "Social and Physical Condition of Negroes in Cities" (1897).
    No. 3. "Some Efforts of Negroes for Social Betterment" (1898).
    No. 6. "The Negro Common School" (1901).
    No. 7. "The Negro Artisan" (1902).
    No. 8. "The Negro Church" (1903).
    No. 9. "Notes on Negro Crime" (1904).
    No. 10. "A Select Bibliography of the Negro American" (1905).

BALCH, EMILY GREENE, "Slav Emigration at its Source," _Charities_, 1906.
"Introductory," Jan. 6; "Bohemians," Feb. 3; "Slovaks," March 3, April
7; "Galicia, Austrian Poles, Ruthenians," May 5.

BLUNTSCHLI, J. K., _The Theory of the State_. New York, 1885.

BRANDENBURG, BROUGHTON, _Imported Americans_ (1904). Description of trip
by author and wife through southern Italy and Sicily and return by
steerage with immigrants.

BRINTON, DANIEL G., _Religions of Primitive Peoples_. New York, 1897.

BUREAU OF LABOR, Seventh Special Report, _The Slums of Baltimore,
Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia_ (1894). Ninth Special Report, _The
Italians in Chicago_ (1897).

BURGESS, JOHN W., _Reconstruction and the Constitution_, 1866-1876. New
York, 1903.

BUSHEE, FREDERICK A., "Ethnic Factors in the Population of Boston,"
_American Economic Association_, 3d Series, Vol. IV, pp. 305-470 (1903).

CASSON, HERBERT N., _Munsey's Magazine_, "The Jews in America," 34:381;
"The Sons of Old Scotland in America," 34:599; "The Germans in America,"
34:694; "The Scandinavians in America," 35:613; "The Welsh in America,"
35:749; "The Italians in America," 35:122; "The Dutch in America,"
35:238; "The Spanish in America," 35:294.

COMAN, KATHERINE, "The History of Contract Labor in the Hawaiian
Islands," _American Economic Association_, 3d Series, Vol. IV, No. 3
(1903). "The Negro as Peasant Farmer," _American Statistical
Association_, June, 1904, pp.