Dola Oluteye, PhD, is a senior fellow in energy and transport policy at the UCL Energy Institute and founder of The Professional African Network Advisory Initiative.
At the June 2026 UN Climate Meetings in Bonn, the incoming Turkish COP31 Presidency introduced a headline target for the Action Agenda: raising electricity’s share of global final energy consumption from around 20% today to 35% by 2035.
Backed by the international Electrify Now campaign - also launched in June by the European Commission and governments across five continents, including Ethiopia - the aim is to replace fossil fuels with clean energy by shifting the way we travel and transport goods and commodities, cook and warm our homes and offices, and power our industries.
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Dola Oluteye, PhD, is a senior fellow in energy and transport policy at the UCL Energy Institute and founder of The Professional African Network Advisory Initiative.
At the June 2026 UN Climate Meetings in Bonn, the incoming Turkish COP31 Presidency introduced a headline target for the Action Agenda: raising electricity’s share of global final energy consumption from around 20% today to 35% by 2035.
Backed by the international Electrify Now campaign - also launched in June by the European Commission and governments across five continents, including Ethiopia - the aim is to replace fossil fuels with clean energy by shifting the way we travel and transport goods and commodities, cook and warm our homes and offices, and power our industries.
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On paper, this is a welcome signal. Yet, as world leaders line up behind global goals in the lead-up to COP31, African nations face a fundamental question: whose energy transition are we talking about? For the roughly 600 million people living without electricity on the continent, international climate targets often sound less like a lifeline and more like a conversation happening on another planet.
For developed countries, electrification is largely a replacement exercise - swapping petrol and diesel vehicles for electric ones, and gas boilers for heat pumps powered by existing, stable grids.
But across sub-Saharan Africa, the challenge is vastly different. The region accounts for 85% of the global population without electricity, up from 50% in 2010. Here, electrification is not a technology swap; it is the foundational building block of human dignity, economic sovereignty, energy access and modern development.
Electricity connections must deliver real development
Half of the number of people without electricity access in Africa live in three countries - Nigeria, Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Congo - while 900 million other Africans lack clean cooking solutions.
The proposed global electrification goal must not treat a continent with nearly half of its population without electricity the same way it treats mature Western economies.
To regard electrification merely as a tool for decarbonisation misses the core reality of our continent. Africa is not just transitioning an existing energy system; we are building one from the ground up in many places.
If a global electrification target of 35% by 2035 is to mean anything for Africa, it must be rooted in African realities. That begins with acknowledging that expanding power connections alone is insufficient.
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Energy poverty does not end when a power line crosses a village; it ends when electricity is reliable, affordable and powered by clean sources that spur productive economic activities. Connecting households to a micro-grid they cannot pay to use does not deliver development.
Electrification can also help solve the critical issue of super pollutants in countries like Nigeria, notably the production of methane and black carbon, by replacing combustion-based systems with cleaner, electric alternatives.
Breaking from past extractive models
Equally critical is how the electricity is generated. Within some African policy circles, electrification has occasionally been viewed with scepticism - seen as a possible Trojan Horse to justify expensive nuclear projects or to expand long-term fossil gas lock-ins.
We must be clear: expanding electricity demand while increasing reliance on volatile fossil fuels or unviable, high-cost infrastructure is a false solution.
True electrification must be paired directly with the massive development of Africa’s unparalleled renewable energy resources.
Africa holds 60% of the world’s best solar resources, alongside immense hydro, wind and geothermal potential. Tying the global electrification push to renewable energy capacity and local battery storage is the only pathway that protects African economies from international fuel price shocks while keeping our climate commitments intact.
Global climate negotiations such as those ongoing at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) offer another building block for Africa's green energy future.
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Adopting a shipping carbon price at the IMO this year, through the Net-Zero Framework, would create a climate fund worth $12 billion a year. This finance could be used not only towards the electrification of Africa's ships and ports, but also for building broader renewable energy production on the continent.
Furthermore, global initiatives must break from past extractive models. Africa cannot remain merely a site for extracting critical minerals - such as lithium, cobalt, and copper - to feed green supply chains elsewhere, only to import expensive finished technologies.
An authentic, inclusive campaign must support the development of local industry, mineral value addition and job creation on the continent.
Africa's COP31 agenda should centre clean electrification
To achieve this, international campaigns like Electrify Now must deepen their partnership with Global South institutions. Western-centric messaging encouraging people to buy electric vehicles and install heat pumps at home must be paired with calls for robust transmission grids, decentralised mini-grids, industrial energy security and affordable clean cooking.
For this to happen, it would be great to see more African governments, businesses and civil society organisations join the Electrify Now campaign, where they can advocate for the challenges and opportunities on our continent.
Ethiopia is a great example, where a government policy to ban the importation of petrol and diesel cars has led to the country becoming a continental leader in the uptake of electric vehicles. Meanwhile, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has seen the cost of electricity come down significantly and accounts for more than half of Ethiopia's renewable energy generation capacity.
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The road to COP31 offers Africa a pivotal opportunity to place clean electrification at the very centre of its economic and climate agenda.
By taking ownership of this narrative, African leaders can insist that global targets deliver capital, technology sharing and infrastructure investments tailored to local needs.
Electrification is not a luxury or a secondary climate goal. Powered by renewable energy - the African sun and wind - it can be the engine of our green industrial transition. It is important for global climate architecture and Western governments to be aligned with that reality.
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Facts Only
* The headline target for the Action Agenda is raising electricity’s share of global final energy consumption from around 20% today to 35% by 2035.
* The Electrify Now campaign aims to replace fossil fuels with clean energy by shifting travel, transport, cooking/warming, and powering industries.
* Africa accounts for 85% of the global population without electricity, up from 50% in 2010.
* Half of the number of people without electricity access in Africa live in Nigeria, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
* Solar power installations in Africa have increased sharply, driven by utility-scale projects and private rooftop/commercial systems.
* Africa holds 60% of the world’s best solar resources, along with potential in hydro, wind, and geothermal energy.
* A shipping carbon price at the IMO could create a climate fund of $12 billion annually for electrification in Africa's ships and ports.
* Policies in Ethiopia, such as banning petrol/diesel car imports, led to increased electric vehicle uptake.
Executive Summary
The global electrification goal aims to increase electricity's share of global final energy consumption from approximately 20% today to 35% by 2035, supported by the international Electrify Now campaign. This campaign seeks to replace fossil fuels with clean energy across transportation, heating, and industry. While developed nations focus on replacing existing systems with electric alternatives, the electrification challenge in sub-Saharan Africa is fundamentally different. The continent faces a massive deficit, with 85% of the global population lacking electricity access. For the region, electrification must serve as a foundation for human dignity, economic sovereignty, and development, rather than merely being a means for decarbonization.
The transition requires addressing infrastructure deficits; simply expanding power connections is insufficient if access does not lead to reliable, affordable, clean energy that supports productive economic activities. Furthermore, the generation methods must be aligned with local realities. Relying solely on expanding demand without addressing energy poverty or ensuring clean, distributed power risks locking regions into unsustainable infrastructure choices. There is a call for global frameworks to integrate African realities by prioritizing renewable energy deployment and local industrial development, moving beyond an extractive model where Africa supplies raw materials while external entities control finished technology.
Full Take
The core tension in this narrative lies between a top-down, Western-centric framework for electrification and the decentralized, foundational imperatives of African development. The argument posits that imposing a global transition metric risks treating Africa as merely another energy market to be optimized, ignoring the historical context where energy access is intrinsically linked to sovereignty and human development. The emphasis shifts from mere technology substitution (e.g., swapping fuel types) to structural transformation—building energy systems from the ground up powered by local renewable resources.
A significant pattern emerges regarding infrastructure: the critique suggests that electrification must prioritize decentralization, micro-grids, and industrial security rather than simply expanding centralized grids connected to volatile fossil fuel sources or external investment models. This challenges the assumption that large-scale grid expansion is the sufficient solution for energy poverty. Furthermore, the linkage between climate goals and resource extraction reveals a pattern of systemic misalignment: global climate action coexists with continued demands for mineral extraction, creating a mechanism where African economies remain suppliers rather than masters of the transition.
The implications suggest a shift in agency: African leaders are positioned to demand that international frameworks deliver tailored investments—focused on local renewable capacity, industrial value addition, and energy access—rather than imposing solutions designed for mature economies. The question then becomes how to operationalize this critique into binding mechanisms that reshape global climate architecture to honor the principle of self-determination in energy transitions, rather than merely enforcing a quantitative target. What specific mechanisms can be established to ensure finance and technology flow address local needs directly, bypassing extractive dependencies?
Sentinel — Human
The text functions as an opinion-driven analysis strongly advocating for a context-specific approach to global electrification goals in Africa, built upon synthesis of policy and development realities.