Acknowledgments
We thank the patients and their families for participating in our research. We thank all members of both branches of the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases for discussions and technical and administrative support. We thank Lazaro Lorenzo and Yelena Nemirovskaya for administrative assistance. The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases is supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, the St. Giles Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF) as part of its grant to the SNF Institute for Global Infectious Disease Research at The Rockefeller University, the NIH (R01AI163029), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, the NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award program (UL1TR001866), the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) under the France 2030 program (ANR-10-IAHU-01), the HORIZON-HLTH-2024-DISEASE-08-20 program under GA 101191725 (InFlaMe), the ANRS projects DéméléJEV (ANRS0629) and LSDengue (ANRS-23-PEPR-MIE-0007), the Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the French Foundation for Medical Research (FRM) (EQU202503020018), ANR GENVIR (ANR-20-CE93-003), ANR AI2D (ANR-22-CE15-0046), the HORIZON-HLTH-2021-DISEASE-04 program under grant agreement 101057100 (UNDINE), the ANR-RHU COVIFERON Program (ANR-21-RHUS-0008), the Square Foundation, Grandir—Fonds de solidarité pour l’enfance, the Fondation du Souffle, the SCOR Corporate Foundation for Science, the Battersea & Bowery Advisory Group, William E. Ford, General Atlantic’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Gabriel Caillaux, General Atlantic’s Co-President, Managing Director, and Head of Business in EMEA, and the General Atlantic Foundation, the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation (MESRI-COVID-19), INSERM, REACTing-INSERM, Paris Cité University, and the Imagine Institute. P.B. was supported by a “Poste CCA-INSERM-Bettencourt” (with support from the Bettencourt-Schueller Foundation), and the FRM (EA20170638020). A.G. was supported by a French National Agency for Research grant as part of the “Investissement d’Avenir” program (ANR-10-LABX-62-01). We thank the Centre de Ressources Biologiques de Martinique CHU Martinique, France, ID number BRIF BB-0033-00099, for managing patient samples. The CARBO cohort was supported by a grant from the Clinical Research Hospital Program from the French Ministry of Health (PHRC “2009”).
Author contributions
V.L.T., A.G., M.-M.C., A. Cobat, S.-Y.Z., and J.-L.C. designed research; V.L.T., A.G., M.-M.C., M.P.d.S.S., S.A., I.C., M.S.d.R., L.S., J.D.S., P.A.A., A.P., P.B., L.A., C.P., R.F.d.O.F., I.C.d.S., A. Cabié, A. Cobat, and S.-Y.Z. performed research; V.L.T., A.G., M.-M.C., A. Cobat, S.-Y.Z., and J.-L.C. analyzed data; and V.L.T., A.G., A. Cobat, S.-Y.Z., and J.-L.C. wrote the paper.
Competing interests
J.-L.C. is an inventor on patent application PCT/US2021/042741, filed July 22, 2021, submitted by The Rockefeller University and covering the diagnosis of, susceptibility to, and treatment of, viral disease, and viral vaccines, including COVID-19 and vaccine-associated diseases.
Facts Only
* Patients and their families participated in the research.
* Members of the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases provided discussions and support.
* Lazaro Lorenzo and Yelena Nemirovskaya provided administrative assistance.
* The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases is supported by Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, St. Giles Foundation, Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF), NIH (R01AI163029), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, the NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award program (UL1TR001866), French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) programs, HORIZON-HLTH programs, ANRS projects, the Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence, French Foundation for Medical Research (FRM), ANR GENVIR, ANR AI2D, and others.
* Patient samples were managed by the Centre de Ressources Biologiques de Martinique CHU Martinique.
* The CARBO cohort was supported by a grant from the Clinical Research Hospital Program from the French Ministry of Health (PHRC “2009”).
* J.-L.C. is an inventor on patent application PCT/US2021/042741 concerning viral disease, susceptibility to, and treatment of viral vaccines, including COVID-19.
Executive Summary
Full Take
The extensive listing of funding sources reveals a complex convergence of public, private, and institutional support for this research, suggesting an effort to establish broad legitimacy across multiple spheres of medical and scientific authority. The breadth of grants from bodies like the NIH, ANR, and major international foundations indicates that the work sits at a nexus point where global infectious disease research intersects with specific national and regional priorities. This structure implicitly positions the findings as having wide-ranging translational potential, but it also raises questions about the degree to which these diverse interests align in defining the research trajectory.
The author contributions outline a clear division of labor—design, performance, analysis, and writing—which establishes a chain of intellectual accountability. The listed competing interest related to patenting viral disease knowledge by J.-L.C. introduces a point of tension: the work benefits from broad public funding while specific intellectual property rights are claimed over diagnostic and treatment knowledge. This pattern suggests that the narrative is built on a foundation of collaborative, multi-stakeholder investment, yet the final output involves a proprietary claim layered atop public acknowledgment.
The reliance on multiple overlapping program names (e.g., HORIZON-HLTH, ANR programs) implies an underlying structural imperative to align disparate research streams toward specific, perhaps evolving, policy goals regarding infectious disease. The pattern is one of strategic scaffolding: using the weight of diverse funding bodies to confer authority upon a specific set of findings concerning emerging diseases. What is unstated is how this multiplicity of support translates into consensus or if it merely reflects successful navigation through competing institutional demands.
Sentinel — Human
This text exhibits the highly structured, detailed nature of an academic acknowledgment section, strongly suggesting it originated from a human-authored research paper.