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Ultrasound neuromodulation reveals distinct roles of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula in learning

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Academic
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Figures Abstract Pavlovian biases reflect how evolutionarily hard-wired tendencies—automatic approach toward reward cues and withdrawal from threat cues—can interfere with flexible, goal-directed action. Such biases arise through three mechanisms: (a) anticipated rewards energize action while anticipated punishments suppress it (response bias), (b) agents learn differently from actions than from i...
**ACADEMIC MODE** This study employs a robust within-subject design with TUS to causally probe the roles of dACC and aIns in Pavlovian biases, addressing a gap in understanding how these regions contribute to distinct cognitive processes. The methodology is sound, with careful acoustic and thermal simulations ensuring safety, and computational modeling effectively isolating latent biases. However, the sample size (n=29) is modest for neuromodulation studies, and the lack of a baseline (pre-TUS) ...